Give 5 Examples of Eponyms

Eponym

Last updated October 24, 2021

Person or thing after which something is named

Not to be confused with Namesake.

The mythological Greek hero Orion is the eponym of the constellation Orion, shown here, and thus indirectly of the Orion spacecraft.

An eponym is a person, place, or thing after whom or which someone or something is, or is believed to be, named. The adjectives derived from eponym include eponymous and eponymic.

• Word usage
• History
• Other eponyms
• Orthographic conventions
• Capitalized versus lowercase
• Genitive versus attributive
• National varieties of English
• Comparison table of eponym orthographic styling
• Lists of eponyms
• See also
• References
• External links

Word usage

The term eponym ^{[2] [3]} functions in multiple related ways, all based on an explicit relationship between two named things. A person, place, or thing named after a particular person share an eponymous relationship. In this way, Elizabeth I of England is the eponym of the Elizabethan era. When Henry Ford is referred to as "the eponymous founder of the Ford Motor Company", his surname "Ford" serves as the eponym. The term also refers to the title character of a fictional work (such as Rocky Balboa of the Rocky film series), as well as to self-titled works named after their creators (such as the album The Doors by the band the Doors). Walt Disney created the eponymous Walt Disney Company, with his name similarly extended to theme parks such as Disneyland. ^{[4] [5] [6] [7]}

History

Periods have often been named after a ruler or other influential figure:

• One of the first recorded cases of eponymy occurred in the second millennium BC, when the Assyrians named each year after a high official ( limmu ).
• In ancient Greece, the eponymous archon was the highest magistrate in classical Athens. Eponymous archons served a term of one year which took the name of that particular archon (e.g., 594 BC was named after Solon). Later historians provided yet another case of eponymy by referring to the period of fifth-century Athens as The Age of Pericles after its most influential statesman Pericles.
• In Ptolemaic Egypt, the head priest of the Cult of Alexander and the Ptolemies was the eponymous priest after whom years were named.
• The Hebrew Bible explains the origins of peoples through individuals who bear their name. Jacob is renamed "Israel" (Gen 35:9) and his sons (or grandsons) name the original 12 tribes of Israel, while Edomites (Gen. 25:30), Moabites and Ammonites (Gen. 19:30-38), Canaanites (Gen. 9:20-27) and other tribes (the Kenites named after Cain Gen. 4:1-16) are said to be named after other primal ancestors bearing their name. In most cases, the experiences and behavior of the ancestor is meant to indicate the characteristics of the people who take their name.
• In ancient Rome, one of the two formal ways of indicating a year was to cite the two annual consuls who served in that year. For example, the year we know as 59 BC would have been described as "the consulship of Marcus Calpurnius Bibulus and Gaius Julius Caesar" (although that specific year was known jocularly as "the consulship of Julius and Caesar" because of the insignificance of Caesar's counterpart). Under the empire, the consuls would change as often as every two months, but only the two consuls at the beginning of the year would lend their names to that year.
• During the Christian era, itself eponymous, many royal households used eponymous dating by regnal years. The Roman Catholic Church, however, eventually used the Anno Domini dating scheme based on the birth of Christ on both the general public and royalty. The regnal year standard is still used with respect to statutes and law reports published in some parts of the United Kingdom and in some Commonwealth countries (England abandoned this practice in 1963): a statute signed into law in Canada between February 6, 1994 and February 5, 1995 would be dated 43 Elizabeth II, for instance. ^{[ citation needed ]}
• Government administrations may become referred to eponymously, such as Kennedy's Camelot and the Nixon Era.
• British monarchs have become eponymous throughout the English-speaking world for time periods, fashions, etc. Elizabethan , Georgian , Victorian , and Edwardian are examples of these.

Trends

• Political trends or movements are often eponymously named after a government leader. Examples include Jacksonian democracy , Stalinism , Maoism , Obamacare , and Thatcherism .

Other eponyms

• In intellectual property law, an eponym can refer to a generic trademark or brand name, a form of metonymy, such as aspirin, ^[8] heroin ^[9] and thermos ^[10] in the United States.
• In geography, places and towns can also be given an eponymous name through a relationship to an important figure. Peloponnesus, for instance, was said to derive its name from the Greek hero Pelops. In historical times, new towns have often been named (and older communities renamed) after their founders, discoverers, or notable individuals. Examples include Vancouver, British Columbia, named after explorer George Vancouver; and Prince Albert, Saskatchewan, originally called Isbister's Settlement but renamed after Queen Victoria's husband and consort in 1866.
• In science and technology:
  • Discoveries and innovations are often named after the discoverer or a figure influential in their advance. Examples are Avogadro's number, the Diesel engine, meitnerium, Alzheimer's disease, and the Apgar score. For a different view of the process see Stigler's law of eponymy.
  • In biological nomenclature, organisms often receive scientific names that honor a person. Examples are the plant Linnaea (after Carl Linnaeus), the baobab Adansonia (after Michel Adanson), and the moth Caligula (after the Roman emperor Caligula).
  • Many astronomical objects are named after their discoverer or another person. ^[11]
• In art:
  • Plays, books, and other forms of entertainment may have eponymous names, such as the ancient Greek epic The Odyssey , derived from its principal character, Odysseus, and the novel Robinson Crusoe .
  • The term is also used in the music industry, usually with regard to record titles, where it is prevalent and leads to confusion. For example, Bad Company's first album was entitled Bad Company and contained a popular song named "Bad Company". Parodying this, the band R.E.M. titled a 1988 compilation album Eponymous . One especially convoluted case of eponyms is the 1969 song "Black Sabbath", named after the 1963 movie Black Sabbath; the band that wrote the song changed their name to Black Sabbath and released it on the album Black Sabbath.
• In tribal antiquity, both in ancient Greece and independently among the Hebrews, tribes often took the name of a legendary leader (as Achaeus for Achaeans, or Dorus for Dorians). The eponym gave apparent meaning to the mysterious names of tribes, and sometimes, as in the Sons of Noah, provided a primitive attempt at ethnology as well, in the genealogical relationships of eponymous originators.
• In zoology, an animal name that includes the name of a person is properly called an eponym. ^{[12] [13]}

Orthographic conventions

Capitalized versus lowercase

• Because proper nouns are capitalized in English, the usual default for eponyms is to capitalize the eponymous part of a term. When used as proper adjectives they are normally capitalized, for example Victorian, Shakespearean, and Kafkaesque. ^{[14] [15]}
• However, some eponymous adjectives and noun adjuncts are nowadays entered in many dictionaries as lowercase when they have evolved a common status, no longer deriving their meaning from the proper-noun origin. ^[16] For example, Herculean when referring to Hercules himself, but often herculean when referring to the figurative, generalized extension sense; ^[16] and quixotic and diesel engine [lowercase only]. ^{[16] [17]} For any given term, one dictionary may enter only lowercase or only cap, whereas other dictionaries may recognize the capitalized version as a variant, either equally common as, or less common than, the first-listed styling (marked with labels such as "or", "also", "often", or "sometimes"). The Chicago Manual of Style , in its section "Words derived from proper names", ^[18] gives some examples of both lowercase and capitalized stylings, including a few terms styled both ways, and says, "Authors and editors must decide for themselves, but whatever choice is made should be followed consistently throughout a work."
• When the eponym is used together with a noun, the common-noun part is not capitalized (unless it is part of a title or it is the first word in a sentence). For example, in Parkinson disease (named after James Parkinson), Parkinson is capitalized, but disease is not. In addition, the adjectival form, where one exists, is usually lowercased for medical terms (thus parkinsonian although Parkinson disease), ^[19] and gram-negative, gram-positive although Gram stain. ^[20] Uppercase Gram-positive or Gram-negative however are also commonly used in scientific journal articles and publications. ^{[21] [22] [23]} In other fields, the eponym derivative is commonly capitalized, for example, Newtonian in physics, ^{[24] [25]} and Platonic in philosophy (however, use lowercase platonic when describing love). ^[14] The capitalization is retained after a prefix and hyphen, e.g. non-Newtonian. ^[14]

For examples, see the comparison table below.

Genitive versus attributive

• English can use either genitive case or attributive position to indicate the adjectival nature of the eponymous part of the term. (In other words, that part may be either possessive or non-possessive.) Thus Parkinson's disease and Parkinson disease are both acceptable. Medical dictionaries have been shifting toward nonpossessive styling in recent decades. ^[26] Thus Parkinson disease is more likely to be used in the latest medical literature (especially in postprints) than Parkinson's disease.

National varieties of English

• American and British English spelling differences may apply to eponyms. For example, British style would typically be caesarean section , which is also found in American medical publications, but cæsarean section (with a ligature) is sometimes seen in (mostly older) British writing, and cesarean is preferred by American dictionaries and some American medical works. ^[27]

Comparison table of eponym orthographic styling

Prevalent dictionary styling today	Stylings that defy prevalent dictionary styling	Comments
Addison disease [28]	*Addison Disease *addison disease
Allemann syndrome [28]	*Allemann Syndrome *allemann syndrome
cesarean [only] [28] cesarean also cesarian[butnocapvariant] [16] cesarean, "often capitalized" or caesarean also cesarian or caesarian [29]		More information on this word's orthographic variants is at Wiktionary: caesarean section.
darwinian [only] [28] darwinism [only] [28] Darwinian [only] [16] [17] Darwinism [only] [16] [17] Darwinist [only] [16] [17]
diesel (n/adj/vi) [no cap variant] [16] [17] and also diesel-electric [16] dieselengine [16] [17] dieseling [16] [17] dieselize,dieselization [16]	*Dieselengine *Dieseling *Dieselize, Dieselization
draconian [17] draconian often Draconian [16]
eustachian [only] [28] eustachian often Eustachian [16] eustachian tube [only] [28] eustachian tube often Eustachian tube [16] eustachian tube or Eustachian tube [17]	*Eustachian Tube
fallopian [only] [28] fallopian often Fallopian [16] fallopian tube [only] [28] fallopian tube often Fallopian tube [16] fallopian tube also Fallopian tube [17]	*Fallopian Tube
Marxism [only] [16] [17] Marxist [only] [16] [17]	*marxism *marxist
mendelian [only] [28] or Mendelian [only] [16] mendelianinheritance[only] [28] or Mendelianinheritance[only] [16] but Mendel's laws [16] [28]	*Mendelian Inheritance
Newtonian [only] [16] [17]	*newtonian
parkinsonism [only] [16] [28] parkinsonian [only] [16] [28] parkinsonian tremor [28] Parkinson disease [only] [28] Parkinson's disease [only] [16]	*Parkinsonism *Parkinsonian *Parkinsonian tremor *Parkinsonian Tremor *Parkinson Disease *Parkinson's Disease
quixotic [only] [16] [17]	*Quixotic
Roman numerals [17] roman numerals [16]		AMA Manual of Style lowercases the terms roman numerals and arabic numerals. MWCD enters the numeral sense under the headword Roman but with the note "not cap" on the numeral sense. [16]

Lists of eponyms

By person's name

• List of eponyms (A-K)
• List of eponyms (L-Z)

By category

• Adages
• Adjectives
• Asteroids
• Astronomical objects
• Cartoon characters
• Chemical elements
• Colleges and universities
• Companies
• Diseases
• Foods
• Human anatomical parts
• Ideologies
• Inventions
• Mathematical theorems
• Medical signs
• Medical treatments
• Minerals
• Observations
• Places and political entities
• Prizes, awards and medals
• Scientific constants
• Scientific equations
• Scientific laws
• Scientific phenomena
• Scientific units
• Sports terms
• Surgical procedures
• Tests
• Trademarks or brand names

See also

• Antonomasia
• Archetypal name
• Demonym
• Eponymous hairstyles
• Ethnonym
• Etymology
  • Lists of etymologies
• False etymology
• Genericized trademark
• List of eponymous laws
• Medical eponyms
• Metonym
• Name reaction
• Stigler's law of eponymy
• Territorial designation
• Toponym

Related Research Articles

Gram stain or Gram staining, also called Gram's method, is a method of staining used to distinguish and classify bacterial species into two large groups: gram-positive bacteria and gram-negative bacteria. The name comes from the Danish bacteriologist Hans Christian Gram, who developed the technique.

A noun is a word that functions as the name of a specific object or set of objects, such as living creatures, places, actions, qualities, states of existence, or ideas. However, noun is not a semantic category, so it cannot be characterized in terms of its meaning. Thus, actions and states of existence can also be expressed by verbs, qualities by adjectives, and places by adverbs. Linguistically, a noun is a member of a large, open part of speech whose members can occur as the main word in the subject of a clause, the object of a verb, or the object of a preposition. Many different types of nouns exist, including proper and common nouns, collective nouns, mass nouns, and so forth.

The hyphen ‐ is a punctuation mark used to join words and to separate syllables of a single word. The use of hyphens is called hyphenation. Son-in-law is an example of a hyphenated word. The hyphen is sometimes confused with dashes, which are longer and have different uses, or with the minus sign −, which is also longer and more vertically centred in some typefaces.

A proper noun is a noun that identifies a single entity and is used to refer to that entity, such as Africa, Jupiter, Sarah, or Amazon , as distinguished from a common noun, which is a noun that refers to a class of entities and may be used when referring to instances of a specific class. Some proper nouns occur in plural form, and then they refer to groups of entities considered as unique. Proper nouns can also occur in secondary applications, for example modifying nouns, or in the role of common nouns. The detailed definition of the term is problematic and, to an extent, governed by convention.

Tachycardia, also called tachyarrhythmia, is a heart rate that exceeds the normal resting rate. In general, a resting heart rate over 100 beats per minute is accepted as tachycardia in adults. Heart rates above the resting rate may be normal or abnormal.

Capitalization or capitalisation is writing a word with its first letter as a capital letter and the remaining letters in lower case, in writing systems with a case distinction. The term also may refer to the choice of the casing applied to text.

A syndrome is a set of medical signs and symptoms which are correlated with each other and often associated with a particular disease or disorder. The word derives from the Greek σύνδρομον, meaning "concurrence". When a syndrome is paired with a definite cause this becomes a disease. The discipline that deals with the diagnosis of syndromes is also referred to as syndromology or dysmorphology. In some instances, a syndrome is so closely linked with a pathogenesis or cause that the words syndrome, disease, and disorder end up being used interchangeably for them. This substitution of terminology often confuses the reality and meaning of medical diagnoses. This is especially true of inherited syndromes. About one third of all phenotypes that are listed in OMIM are described as dysmorphic, which usually refers to the facial gestalt. For example, Down syndrome, Wolf–Hirschhorn syndrome, and Andersen–Tawil syndrome are disorders with known pathogeneses, so each is more than just a set of signs and symptoms, despite the syndrome nomenclature. In other instances, a syndrome is not specific to only one disease. For example, toxic shock syndrome can be caused by various toxins; premotor syndrome can be caused by various brain lesions; and premenstrual syndrome is not a disease but simply a set of symptoms.

A capitonym is a word that changes its meaning when it is capitalized; the capitalization usually applies due to one form being a proper noun or eponym. It is a portmanteau of the word capital with the suffix -onym. A capitonym is a form of homograph and – when the two forms are pronounced differently – is also a form of heteronym. In situations where both words should be capitalized, there will be nothing to distinguish between them except the context in which they are used.

Despite the various English dialects spoken from country to country and within different regions of the same country, there are only slight regional variations in English orthography, the two most notable variations being British and American spelling. Many of the differences between American and British English date back to a time before spelling standards were developed. For instance, some spellings seen as "American" today were once commonly used in Britain, and some spellings seen as "British" were once commonly used in the United States.

Empiric therapy or empirical therapy is medical treatment or therapy based on experience and, more specifically, therapy begun on the basis of a clinical "educated guess" in the absence of complete or perfect information. Thus it is applied before the confirmation of a definitive medical diagnosis or without complete understanding of an etiology, whether the biological mechanism of pathogenesis or the therapeutic mechanism of action. The name shares the same stem with empirical evidence, involving an idea of practical experience.

A titular ruler, or titular head, is a person in an official position of leadership who possesses few, if any, actual powers. Sometimes a person may inhabit a position of titular leadership and yet exercise more power than would normally be expected, as a result of their personality or experience. A titular ruler is not confined to political leadership but can also reference any organization, such as a corporation.

Webster's Third New International Dictionary of the English Language, Unabridged was published in September 1961. It was edited by Philip Babcock Gove and a team of lexicographers who spent 757 editor-years and $3.5 million. The most recent printing has 2,816 pages, and as of 2005, it contained more than 476,000 vocabulary entries, 500,000 definitions, 140,000 etymologies, 200,000 verbal illustrations, 350,000 example sentences, 3,000 pictorial illustrations and an 18,000-word Addenda section.

The English word god comes from the Old English god , which itself is derived from the Proto-Germanic *ǥuđán . Its cognates in other Germanic languages include guþ, gudis , guð , god , and got .

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A false, coined, fake, bogus or pseudo-title, also called a Time-style adjective and an anarthrous nominal premodifier, is a kind of appositive phrase before a noun, and predominantly found in journalistic writing. It formally resembles a title, in that it does not start with an article, but is a common noun phrase, not a title. An example is the phrase convicted bomber in "convicted bomber Timothy McVeigh", rather than "the convicted bomber...".

Capitalization or capitalisation in English grammar is the use of a capital letter at the head of a word. English usage varies from capitalization in other languages.

Drug nomenclature is the systematic naming of drugs, especially pharmaceutical drugs. In the majority of circumstances, drugs have 3 types of names: chemical names, the most important of which is the IUPAC name; generic or nonproprietary names, the most important of which are the International Nonproprietary Names (INNs); and trade names, which are brand names. Under the INN system, generic names for drugs are constructed out of affixes and stems that classify the drugs into useful categories while keeping related names distinguishable. A marketed drug might also have a company code or compound code.

References

1. ↑ "Orion Spacecraft - Nasa Orion Spacecraft". aerospaceguide.net.
2. ↑ (ancient Greek ἐπώνυμος (a.) given as a name, (b.) giving one's name to a thing or person, ἐπί upon + ὄνομα, Aeolic ὄνυμα name)
3. ↑ "eponym, n.: Oxford English Dictionary". OED Online. 2019-10-26. Archived from the original on 2019-10-26. Retrieved 2019-10-27 .
4. ↑ "eponym". Dictionary.com. Dictionary.com LLC. Retrieved 30 December 2014.
5. ↑ "eponym". Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 30 December 2014.
6. ↑ "eponymous". Dictionary.com. Dictionary.com LLC. Retrieved 30 December 2014.
7. ↑ "eponymous". Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 30 December 2014.
8. ↑ Bayer Co. v. United Drug Co., 272 F. 505 (S.D.N.Y. 1921), Berkman Center for Internet & Society at Harvard University, accessed March 25th, 2011
9. ↑ Harper, Douglas. "heroin". Online Etymology Dictionary .
10. ↑ King-Seeley Thermos Co. v. Aladdin Indus., Inc., 321 F.2d 577 (2d Cir. 1963); see also this PDF Archived 2006-02-09 at the Wayback Machine
11. ↑ Lauer, Tod. "Astronomical Eponyms". National Optical Astronomy Observatory. Retrieved 2021-08-22 .
12. ↑ Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2014). The Eponym Dictionary of Birds. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1472905741.
13. ↑ Hämäläinen, Matti (2015). "Catalogue of individuals commemorated in the scientific names of extant dragonflies, including lists of all available eponymous species-group and genus-group names" (PDF). International Dragonfly Fund (IDF) - Report. 80: 1–168. ISSN 1435-3393 . Retrieved 18 September 2020.
14. 1 2 3 Waddingham, Anne (28 August 2014). New Hart's Rules: The Oxford Style Guide. OUP Oxford. p.105. ISBN 978-0199570027.
15. ↑ Marthus-Adden Zimboiant (2013-08-05). No Grammar Tears 1. pp.256–257. ISBN 9781491800751.
16. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 Merriam-Webster (1993), Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary (10thed.), Springfield, Massachusetts, USA: Merriam-Webster, ISBN 978-0-87779-707-4
17. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Houghton Mifflin (2000), The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (4thed.), Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin, ISBN 978-0-395-82517-4
18. ↑ University of Chicago (1993). The Chicago Manual of Style (14thed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. § 7.49, pp. 253–254. ISBN 0-226-10389-7.
19. ↑ Lorraine Villemaire, Doreen Oberg (29 December 2005). Grammar and Writing Skills for the Health Professional (2nd Reviseded.). Delmar Cengage Learning. p.167. ISBN 978-1401873745. CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
20. ↑ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Emerging Infectious Diseases Journal Style Guide. Preferred Usage
21. ↑ Lisa Brown, Julie M. Wolf, Rafael Prados-Rosales & Arturo Casadevall (2015). "Through the wall: extracellular vesicles in Gram-positive bacteria, mycobacteria and fungi". Nature Reviews Microbiology. 13 (10): 620–630. doi:10.1038/nrmicro3480. PMC 4860279 . PMID 26324094. CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
22. ↑ Kristen L. Mueller (12 June 2015). "Detecting Gram-negative bacteria". Science. 348 (6240): 1218. doi:10.1126/science.348.6240.1218-o.
23. ↑ "Gram-positive". Dictionary.com.
24. ↑ "Newtonian". Merriam-Wester.
25. ↑ "New·ton". The American Heritage Dictionary.
26. ↑ Iverson, Cheryl (editor) (2007), AMA Manual of Style (10ed.), Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-517633-9 CS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link), chapter 16: Eponyms.
27. ↑ Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) of the United States National Library of Medicine (NLM) uses "cesarean section", while the also US-published Saunders Comprehensive Veterinary Dictionary uses "caesarean". The online versions of the Merriam-Webster Dictionary and American Heritage Dictionary list "cesarean" first and other spellings as "variants", an etymologically anhistorical position.
28. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Elsevier (2007), Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary (31sted.), Philadelphia: Elsevier, ISBN 978-1-4160-2364-7
29. ↑ Merriam-Webster (2003), Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary (11thed.), Springfield, Massachusetts, USA: Merriam-Webster, ISBN 978-0-87779-809-5

External links

Look up eponym in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Eponyms .

• Definitions of -nym words, at Fun-with-Words.com
• WhoNamedIt.com, a database of medical eponyms
• Eponyms explored, BBC ideas, 2019

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Give 5 Examples of Eponyms

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