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What to Do if You Ingest Manchineel Tree

Written By Saturday, April 2, 2022 Add Comment Edit

Poisonous plant from tropical North and South America

Manchineel tree
Hippomane mancinella (fruit).jpg
Fruit and foliage

Conservation condition


To the lowest degree Business organisation (IUCN iii.1)[1]

Scientific classification edit
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Malpighiales
Family: Euphorbiaceae
Genus: Hippomane
Species:

H. mancinella

Binomial name
Hippomane mancinella

L.
Synonyms[two]
  • Hippomane dioica Rottb.
  • Mancinella venenata Tussac.

The manchineel tree (Hippomane mancinella) is a species of angiosperm in the spurge family (Euphorbiaceae). Its native range stretches from tropical southern North America to northern South America.[3]

The name "manchineel" (sometimes spelled "manchioneel" or "manchineal"), as well as the specific epithet mancinella, is from Spanish manzanilla ("footling apple"), from the superficial resemblance of its fruit and leaves to those of an apple. Information technology is also known as the beach apple.[4]

A present-day Castilian proper name is manzanilla de la muerte , "fiddling apple tree of death". This refers to the fact that manchineel is i of the most toxic trees in the earth: the tree has milky-white sap which contains numerous toxins and tin can crusade blistering. The sap is present in every part of the tree: the bawl, the leaves, and the fruit.[v] [half dozen]

Distribution [edit]

Manchineel is native to the Caribbean, the U.S. state of Florida, the Commonwealth of the bahamas, Mexico, Primal America, and northern S America.[7]

The manchineel tree can be plant on coastal beaches and in stagnant swamps, where it grows amid mangroves. It provides fantabulous natural windbreaks and its roots stabilize the sand, thus reducing beach erosion.[6]

Clarification [edit]

Hippomane mancinella grows upwards to xv metres (49 ft) tall. It has reddish-greyish bark, small greenish-yellow flowers, and shiny green leaves. The leaves are simple, alternate, very finely serrated or toothed, and five–x cm (ii–iv in) long.[8]

Spikes of small greenish flowers are followed by fruits, which are similar in appearance to an apple, are greenish or green-xanthous when ripe. The fruit is poisonous, as is every other part of the tree.[viii]

Toxicity [edit]

Botanical study, captioned "The Manzanilla Tree taken at Bocca chica to prove / the men that they might neither cut not sleep near information technology, a bow was / pin'd at the top of every Sergeant's tent, in order to make the soldiers / acquainted with and to avoid information technology... F.M: J.G: (?) March the 12th 1741" – a reference to Vice Admiral Edward Vernon's invasion armada, before the Boxing of Cartagena de Indias

All parts of the tree contain strong toxins.[9] Its milky white sap contains phorbol and other pare irritants, producing strong allergic contact dermatitis.[10]

Standing beneath the tree during pelting will cause blistering of the skin from mere contact with this liquid: even a small drop of rain with the milky substance in information technology will cause the peel to cicatrice. The sap has too been known to damage the paint on cars.[eleven] Burning the tree may crusade ocular injuries if the smoke reaches the optics.[12] Contact with its milky sap (latex) produces bullous dermatitis, acute keratoconjunctivitis and possibly large corneal epithelial defects.[thirteen]

Although the fruit is potentially fatal if eaten, no such occurrences have been reported in the mod literature.[14] Ingestion can produce astringent gastroenteritis with bleeding, daze, and bacterial superinfection, as well as the potential for airway compromise due to edema.[15]

When ingested, the fruit is reportedly "pleasantly sweet" at first, with a subsequent "foreign fiery feeling ... gradually progress[ing] to a called-for, vehement sensation and tightness of the throat." Symptoms continue to worsen until the patient can "barely consume solid food because of the excruciating pain and the feeling of a huge obstructing pharyngeal lump."[v]

In some parts of its range, many copse comport a warning sign – for case on Curaçao – while others are marked with a red "X" on the trunk to betoken danger. In the French Antilles the trees are often marked with a painted red ring roughly i metre (3 ft) above the basis.[16]

Although the plant is toxic to many birds and other animals, the black-spined iguana (Ctenosaura similis) is known to swallow the fruit and even live among the limbs of the tree.[9]

The tree contains 12-deoxy-5-hydroxyphorbol-half-dozen-gamma-7-alpha-oxide, hippomanins, mancinellin, and sapogenin. Phloracetophenone-2,4-dimethylether is present in the leaves, while the fruits possess physostigmine.[17]

A poultice of arrowroot (Maranta arundinacea) was used by the Arawak and Taíno as an antitoxin confronting such poisons.[18] The Caribs were known to poison the water supply of their enemies with the leaves.[12] Spanish explorer Juan Ponce de León died shortly later an injury incurred in boxing with the Calusa in Florida—being struck past an arrow that had been poisoned with manchineel sap.[19]

Usage [edit]

Despite the inherent dangers associated with handling it, the tree has been used as a source of woods past Caribbean furniture makers for centuries. It must be cut and left to dry out in the sun to dry the sap.[6] To avert dangerous contact with the poisonous parts, the tree may be burnt at the base to fell it.[20]

A gum can be produced from the bark which reportedly treats edema, while the dried fruits accept been used as a diuretic.[11]

Conservation [edit]

The manchineel tree is listed as an endangered species in Florida.[21]

Literary and artistic references [edit]

  • Anthony Horowitz, Alex Rider series, volume 8, Crocodile Tears, chapter "Greenfields", folio 177.

Within the Poison Dome we grow some of the deadliest plants on the planet, including water hemlock, deadly nightshade, elephant'southward ear, death cap mushrooms and brush beans. The manzanilla tree has attractive fruit which you may choose to swallow. If you do then, it will kill you instantly. There is also a white resin dripping out of it which will cicatrice your skin and blind you.

  • William Ellis, ship's surgeon for James Cook on his final voyage, wrote:

On the 4th, a party of men were sent to cut forest, as the island evidently afforded plenty of that commodity; amid other copse they unluckily cut down several of the manchineel, the juice of which getting into their eyes, rendered them blind for several days.[22]

  • Alexandre Exquemelin wrote in The Buccaneers of America of his feel with the "tree called mancanilla, or dwarf-apple-tree" when in Hispaniola:

One twenty-four hours beingness hugely tormented with mosquitoes or gnats, and as yet unacquainted with the nature of this tree, I cut a branch thereof, to serve me instead of a fan, merely all my face swelled the next twenty-four hour period and filled with blisters, as if it were burnt to such a caste that I was bullheaded for three days.[23]

  • Nicholas Cresswell, in his periodical entry for Friday, September sixteen, 1774, mentions:

The Mangeneel Apple has the smell and appearance of an English Apple, merely pocket-size, grows on big trees, by and large forth the Seashore. They are rank poison. I am told that 1 apple is sufficient to kill 20 people. This poison is of such a malignant nature that a single drop of pelting or dew that falls from the tree upon your skin will immediately raise a cicatrice. Neither Fruit or Woods is of any utilise, that I can learn.[24]

  • In Giacomo Meyerbeer's opera L'Africaine (1865), the heroine Sélika dies by inhaling the perfume of the manchineel tree's blossoms.[25]
  • In the story "The Beckoning Hand", in the 1887 drove of that proper name by Grant Allen, a manchineel (spelled "manchineal" here) leaf is rolled in a cigarette in an try to poison a person.[26] [27]
  • In the movie Wind Across the Everglades (1958), a notorious poacher named Cottonmouth (played by Burl Ives) ties a victim to the trunk of a manchineel tree.[28]
  • The tree is recorded every bit the world's virtually unsafe tree by Guinness World Records.[29]
  • In the Amazon Studios TV series Homecoming (2018), the tree's leaves are part of a listen-altering drug administered to combat veterans to exam its effectiveness in reducing PTSD symptoms. In S01,E09 of Homecoming Julia Roberts' character is interviewed in the function of a visitor named 'Manchineel' with that name in large letters on the wall and a large ovate leaf icon next to it.[ commendation needed ]
  • In the TV serial Total Drama Pahkitew Isle, one of the characters poisons some other with a manchineel fruit in order to get them out of the game.
  • In the novel, "Wish You lot Were Here" past Jodi Picoult, the tree is referenced as Diana attempts to get an apple from the tree. Diana is met by a person who attempts to tell them near the tree'southward poison. Diana suffers minor burns and blisters from the interaction.

Meet besides [edit]

  • Bahamian dry forests
  • Saba
  • Cape Sable, Florida[xxx]

References [edit]

  1. ^ Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI).; IUCN SSC Global Tree Specialist Grouping (2019). "Hippomane mancinella". IUCN Red Listing of Threatened Species. 2019: eastward.T144316752A149054389. doi:x.2305/IUCN.Britain.2019-2.RLTS.T144316752A149054389.en . Retrieved eighteen Nov 2021.
  2. ^ "World Checklist of Selected Constitute Families: Purple Botanic Gardens, Kew". kew.org. Archived from the original on 2022-02-21. Retrieved 2014-10-05 .
  3. ^ Nosowitz, Dan (2016-05-19). "Practice Not Eat, Affect, Or Even Inhale the Air Around the Manchineel Tree". Atlas Obscura. Archived from the original on 2020-09-22. Retrieved 2020-09-xvi .
  4. ^ Strickland, Nicola H (2000-08-12). "Eating a manchineel "embankment apple"". BMJ : British Medical Journal. 321 (7258): 428. doi:ten.1136/bmj.321.7258.428. ISSN 0959-8138. PMC1127797. PMID 10938053.
  5. ^ a b Strickland, N. H (12 August 2000). "My most unfortunate experience: Eating a manchineel 'beach apple'". BMJ. 321 (7258): 428. doi:10.1136/bmj.321.7258.428. PMC1127797. PMID 10938053.
  6. ^ a b c Dean, Signe (4 January 2016) "The horrifying feel a radiologist had after eating fruit from the 'tree of decease'" Archived 2021-08-24 at the Wayback Machine Business Insider
  7. ^ "Hippomane mancinella". Germplasm Resources Data Network (GRIN). Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United states of america Department of Agronomics (USDA). Retrieved 2009-01-27 .
  8. ^ a b "The Manchineel, or 'Death Apple,' Is the World's Most Dangerous Tree". HowStuffWorks. 2020-05-19. Archived from the original on 2020-09-16. Retrieved 2020-09-sixteen .
  9. ^ a b Friedman, Michael M. Andreu and Melissa H. (24 Nov 2015). "Hippomane mancinella, Manchineel". Edis. Schoolhouse of Forest Resources and Conservation, Institute of Food and Agronomical Sciences, Academy of Florida. 2012 (10). doi:ten.32473/edis-fr370-2012. S2CID 222588980. Archived from the original on 2020-x-01. Retrieved 2015-11-29 .
  10. ^ Nellis, David W. (1997). Poisonous Plants and Animals of Florida and the Caribbean. Pineapple Press Inc. p. 173. ISBN978-1-56164-111-six. Archived from the original on 2019-03-31. Retrieved 2016-10-16 .
  11. ^ a b McLendon, Russell. "Why manchineel might be Earth's well-nigh dangerous tree". Mother Nature Network. Narrative Content Grouping. Archived from the original on 2015-11-28. Retrieved 2015-11-29 .
  12. ^ a b Janiskee, Bob (24 Apr 2009). "National Park Mystery Institute 2: There'south Practiced Reason They Phone call This Affair "the Death Apple"". Nationalparkstraveler.com. National Park Advocates LLC. Archived from the original on 2016-04-06. Retrieved 2015-11-29 .
  13. ^ Pitts, J F; Barker, N H; Gibbons, D C; Jay, J L (ane May 1993). "Manchineel keratoconjunctivitis". British Periodical of Ophthalmology. 77 (v): 284–288. doi:10.1136/bjo.77.5.284. PMC504506. PMID 8318464.
  14. ^ Bygbjerg, I.C.; Johansen, H.K. (1991). "Manchineel poisoning complicated by streptococcal pharyngitis and impetigo". Ugeskr. Laeger. 154 (ane): 27–28. PMID 1781062.
  15. ^ Frohne, Dietrich; Alford, Hans Jürgen Pfänder (2005). Poisonous plants: a handbook for doctors, pharmacists, toxicologists, biologists, and veterinarians. Translated by Inge (second ed.). Portland: Timber Press. ISBN0881927503. [ page needed ]
  16. ^ Planet, Lonely. "Directory". Lonely Planet. Archived from the original on 2020-09-17. Retrieved 2020-09-xvi .
  17. ^ "Hippomane mancinella". Dr. Duke's Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases. United States Section of Agriculture. Archived from the original on 2004-11-10. Retrieved 27 January 2009.
  18. ^ Jones, David E (2007). Toxicant Arrows: North American Indian Hunting and Warfare. University of Texas Press. p. 29. ISBN978-0-292-71428-one. Archived from the original on 2013-06-22. Retrieved 2009-01-23 .
  19. ^ Grunwald, Michael (2007). "Chapter two: The Intruders". The Swamp. Simon & Schuster. p. 25. ISBN978-0-7432-5107-5. Archived from the original on 2019-03-31. Retrieved 2016-10-16 .
  20. ^ "Do Non Eat, Touch, Or Even Inhale the Air Around the Manchineel Tree - Atlas Obscura". xix May 2016. Archived from the original on 3 July 2021. Retrieved iii November 2021.
  21. ^ "Hippomane mancinella". Atlas of Florida Vascular Plants. Plantatlas.org. Archived from the original on 2011-07-20. Retrieved 2009-01-23 .
  22. ^ An Authentic Narrative of a Voyage Performed by Captain Melt and Captain Clerke, in His Majesty's Ships Resolution and Discovery, During Years 1776, 1777, 1778, 1779, and 1780: In Search of a Northwest Passage Between the Continents of Asia and America, Including a Faithful Account of All Their Discoveries, and the Unfortunate Death of Helm Melt. G. Robinson, J. Sewell and J. Debrett. 1783. p. 60. Archived from the original on 2015-03-31. Retrieved 2016-11-27 .
  23. ^ The Buccaneers of America; Role I, Affiliate 4
  24. ^ Cresswell, Nicholas (2007). The Journal of Nicholas Cresswell: 1774–1777. ISBN9781429005869. Archived from the original on 2022-02-21. Retrieved 2017-09-04 .
  25. ^ "Gallica: 50'africaine : opéra en 5 actes / par Eugène Scribe ; musique de Meyerbeer. 1924". Bibliothèque nationale de French republic. Archived from the original on 2016-10-01. Retrieved 2016-06-xix .
  26. ^ Allen, Grant (1887). The Beckoning Mitt, and Other Stories. Auckland: The Floating Press.
  27. ^ Allen, Grant (1887). "The Beckoning Hand". As transcribed on Projection Gutenberg web site. Retrieved on 2019-08-14 from https://www.gutenberg.org/files/38531/38531-h/38531-h.htm#THE_BECKONING_HAND Archived 2018-07-24 at the Wayback Car.
  28. ^ White, Susan (2014). "Chapter 14: Nicholas Ray's wilderness films: give-and-take, police, and landscape". In Rybin, Steven; Scheibel, Will (eds.). Alone places, dangerous footing: Nicholas Ray in American cinema. Albany NY: State University of New York (SUNY) Press. p. 173. ISBN978-one-4384-4981-4. Archived from the original on 2022-02-21. Retrieved 2020-10-07 .
  29. ^ "Virtually dangerous tree". Guinness World Records. Archived from the original on 2015-12-04. Retrieved 2015-eleven-29 .
  30. ^ "Little Apple of Decease". Florida Department of Agronomics and Consumer Services - Division of Constitute Industry. 24 October 2016. Archived from the original on 23 August 2021. Retrieved 26 May 2021.

External links [edit]

  • Useful Links for Neotropical Flowering plant Identification

heneyejew1992.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchineel

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